\relax \ifx\hyper@anchor\@undefined \global \let \oldcontentsline\contentsline \gdef \contentsline#1#2#3#4{\oldcontentsline{#1}{#2}{#3}} \global \let \oldnewlabel\newlabel \gdef \newlabel#1#2{\newlabelxx{#1}#2} \gdef \newlabelxx#1#2#3#4#5#6{\oldnewlabel{#1}{{#2}{#3}}} \AtEndDocument{\let \contentsline\oldcontentsline \let \newlabel\oldnewlabel} \else \global \let \hyper@last\relax \fi \bibstyle{amsrn} \citation{Vaz:Droogenbroeck:1996:SE} \citation{Vaz:Gonzalez:1992:SE} \citation{Vaz:Serra:1982:SE} \citation{Vaz:Shih:1989:SE} \citation{Vaz:Dogdas:2002:SPIE} \citation{Vaz:Eiho:1997:SE} \citation{Vaz:Kiraly:2002:SE} \citation{Vaz:Serra:1982:SE} \citation{Vaz:Shih:1989:SE} \citation{Vaz:Kiraly:2002:SE} \select@language{english} \@writefile{toc}{\select@language{english}} \@writefile{lof}{\select@language{english}} \@writefile{lot}{\select@language{english}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Multi-level decomposition of Euclidean spheres}{461}{chapter.1}} \@writefile{lof}{\addvspace {10\p@ }} \@writefile{lot}{\addvspace {10\p@ }} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}Introduction}{461}{section.1.1}} \newlabel{xxx:sec:Introduction}{{1}{461}{Introduction\relax }{section.1.1}{}} \citation{Vaz:Soille:1996:SE} \citation{Vaz:Soille:2001:SE} \citation{Vaz:Bloomberg:BinMorph} \citation{Vaz:Droogenbroeck:1996:SE} \citation{Vaz:Jones:1994:SE} \citation{Vaz:Nikopoulos:2000:SE} \citation{Vaz:Hashimoto:2003:SE} \citation{Vaz:Park:1995:SE} \citation{Vaz:Li:1990:SPIE} \citation{Vaz:Zhuang:1992:DeSe} \citation{Vaz:Adams:1993:RadDisk} \citation{Vaz:Droogenbroeck:1996:SE} \citation{Vaz:Soille:2001:SE} \citation{Vaz:Zhuang:1992:DeSe} \citation{Vaz:Adams:1993:RadDisk} \citation{Vaz:Droogenbroeck:1996:SE} \citation{Vaz:Droogenbroeck:1996:SE} \citation{Vaz:Anelli:1998:DeArBiSE} \citation{Vaz:Vaz:2006:EfMatMor} \citation{Vaz:Soille:2003:MatMedImg} \newlabel{xxx:convexSE}{{1}{463}{Introduction\relax }{definition.1}{}} \newlabel{xxx:symmetricSE}{{2}{463}{Introduction\relax }{definition.2}{}} \newlabel{xxx:sparseSE}{{3}{463}{Introduction\relax }{definition.3}{}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Method}{463}{section.1.2}} \newlabel{xxx:sec:Method}{{2}{463}{Method\relax }{section.1.2}{}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1}Overview of the proposed decomposition}{463}{subsection.1.2.1}} \newlabel{xxx:eqn:1a}{{1a}{463}{Overview of the proposed decomposition\relax }{equation.1a}{}} \newlabel{xxx:eqn:1b}{{1b}{463}{Overview of the proposed decomposition\relax }{equation.1b}{}} \newlabel{xxx:eqn:1c}{{1c}{463}{Overview of the proposed decomposition\relax }{equation.1c}{}} \newlabel{xxx:eqn:1d}{{1d}{463}{Overview of the proposed decomposition\relax }{equation.1d}{}} \newlabel{xxx:eqn:1}{{1}{463}{Overview of the proposed decomposition\relax }{equation.1d}{}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1}{\ignorespaces The proposed method decomposes the example SE (right) into a union of partitions $P_{1}$, $P_{2}$, and $P_{3}$. The origin of each partition is the center. The partitions overlap; this is possible due to the idempotency property of comparison operations (OR, AND, min, max) used to combine the partitions.}}{464}{figure.1.1}} \newlabel{xxx:fig:1}{{1}{464}{Overview of the proposed decomposition\relax }{figure.1.1}{}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2}{\ignorespaces Each partition $P_{i}$ has a cubic factor $C_{i}$ and a sparse factor $S_{i}$, where $i = 1, 2, 3$ in this example. The origin of each factor is at its center.}}{464}{figure.1.2}} \newlabel{xxx:fig:2}{{2}{464}{Overview of the proposed decomposition\relax }{figure.1.2}{}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2}Usage of the decomposition}{464}{subsection.1.2.2}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{Binary image dilation and erosion}{464}{subsubsection*.1}} \newlabel{xxx:eqn:2a}{{2a}{464}{Binary image dilation and erosion\relax }{equation.2a}{}} \newlabel{xxx:eqn:2b}{{2b}{464}{Binary image dilation and erosion\relax }{equation.2b}{}} \newlabel{xxx:eqn:2d}{{2c}{464}{Binary image dilation and erosion\relax }{equation.2c}{}} \newlabel{xxx:eqn:2}{{2}{464}{Binary image dilation and erosion\relax }{equation.2c}{}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{Gray-level image dilation and erosion}{464}{subsubsection*.2}} \newlabel{xxx:eqn:4}{{3}{464}{Gray-level image dilation and erosion\relax }{equation.3}{}} \newlabel{xxx:eqn:5}{{4}{464}{Gray-level image dilation and erosion\relax }{equation.4}{}} \citation{Vaz:Droogenbroeck:1996:SE} \citation{Vaz:Soille:1996:SE} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{Efficient MM for the cubic factors $C_i$}{465}{subsubsection*.3}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3}{\ignorespaces $C_1$ is a factor of $C_2$ and $C_2$ is a factor of $C_3$; as such, we may reuse computation across cubic factors. We use logarithmic decomposition (LD) to simply and efficiently perform the dilation/erosion of Ci. The origin of each $C_i$ should be in its center. This can be satisfied either by assigning the origin of each logarithmic factor $L_{ix}$ accordingly, or by updating the origin on each $C_i$. This is possible due to translational invariance property of dilation.}}{465}{figure.1.3}} \newlabel{xxx:fig:3}{{3}{465}{Efficient MM for the cubic factors $C_i$\relax }{figure.1.3}{}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3}Decomposing a SE using the proposed method}{465}{subsection.1.2.3}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4}{\ignorespaces Decomposing the SE. At each iteration the current SE (CSE) is updated to reflect the subset of the SE that remains to be decomposed (RSE). $C_i$ is the largest cube with which $CSE_i$ can be morphologically opened without change. We can then determine $S_i$ which completes the task of determining $P_i$ and then determine the subset of $CSE_i$ that remains to be decomposed $RSE_i$. The next iteration begins with updating $CSE_{i+1}$ by setting it equal to $RSE_i$.}}{466}{figure.1.4}} \newlabel{xxx:fig:4}{{4}{466}{Decomposing a SE using the proposed method\relax }{figure.1.4}{}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{Determining $S_i$}{466}{subsubsection*.4}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{Testing for sparseness}{466}{subsubsection*.5}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5}{\ignorespaces Determining $S_2$ for the considered 2D example. Obtain test cubic factors $CT_j$, by dilating $C_i$ with $T_j$, where j = 1, 2, and 3 for 2D SE. As illustrated above, we can then obtain a set of candidate $RSE$, $RT_j$, and candidate sparse factors $ST_j$. Determine the subset of $ST_j$ that is indeed sparse and from this subset pick the ``best'' one and assign it to $S_i$. We apply a greedy criterion for ``best'', which is to pick the sparse $ST_j$ that has the largest number of pixels/voxels. The implementation tests each $ST_j$ for sparseness. Of course, once a particular $ST_j$ is selected, we can simply assign its corresponding $RT_j$ to $RSE_i$.}}{467}{figure.1.5}} \newlabel{xxx:fig:5}{{5}{467}{Testing for sparseness\relax }{figure.1.5}{}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4}Method for 3D SE}{467}{subsection.1.2.4}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{3D sphere example}{467}{subsubsection*.6}} \citation{Vaz:SDC:toolbox} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6}{\ignorespaces Upper half of $P_1$ for a radius-5.5 Euclidean sphere at unit quantization. The origin is the dark gray voxel in the center of slice 6, $P_1$ is the union of the light and medium gray voxels, $S_1$ is medium gray. $C_1$ is cube-3.}}{468}{figure.1.6}} \newlabel{xxx:fig:6}{{6}{468}{3D sphere example\relax }{figure.1.6}{}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {7}{\ignorespaces Foreground is $P_1 \cup P_2$ for the radius-5.5 sphere (only upper half of the sphere is shown). The origin is dark gray, $P_2$ is the union of light and medium gray voxels, $S_2$ is medium gray, the region of $P_1$ that does not overlap with $P_2$ is white. $C_2$ is cube-5.}}{468}{figure.1.7}} \newlabel{xxx:fig:7}{{7}{468}{3D sphere example\relax }{figure.1.7}{}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}Results and analysis}{468}{section.1.3}} \newlabel{xxx:sec:Results}{{3}{468}{Results and analysis\relax }{section.1.3}{}} \citation{Vaz:Park:1995:SE} \citation{Vaz:Park:1995:SE} \citation{Vaz:Park:1995:SE} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {8}{\ignorespaces The origin coincides with $S_3$ and is dark gray, $P_3$ is the union of light gray and the origin. $C_3$ is cube-7, which coincides with $P_3$. The region of $P_1 \cup P_2$ that does not overlap with $P_3$ is white. The union of all foreground voxels is the union of all three partitions and is the radius-5.5 Euclidean isotropic sphere.}}{469}{figure.1.8}} \newlabel{xxx:fig:8}{{8}{469}{3D sphere example\relax }{figure.1.8}{}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {9}{\ignorespaces Processing times for gray-level dilation (binary SE) using sphere SE for a $512 \times 512 \times 418$ chest CT image. Results obtained on and Intel Pentium IV Xeon Dual CPU 2.00 GHz platform with 2.00 GB of RAM.}}{469}{figure.1.9}} \newlabel{xxx:fig:9}{{9}{469}{Results and analysis\relax }{figure.1.9}{}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {10}{\ignorespaces [Left] 2-partition decomposition of a 2D SE using the proposed method. Cubic factors are square-3 and square-7. Dark gray - origin (center): not part of $S_1$, however $S_2$ is the pixel at the origin. Light and medium gray together - the partition, medium gray (only in iteration 1) - $S_1$, white - region of $P_1$ that does not overlap with $P_2$. [Right] 4-factor decomposition for the same SE from Example 1 in \cite {Vaz:Park:1995:SE}. The proposed method is more efficient.}}{470}{figure.1.10}} \newlabel{xxx:fig:10}{{10}{470}{Results and analysis\relax }{figure.1.10}{}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}Discussion and conclusion}{470}{section.1.4}} \newlabel{xxx:sec:Conclusion}{{4}{470}{Discussion and conclusion\relax }{section.1.4}{}} \bibcite{Vaz:Adams:1993:RadDisk}{{1}{}} \bibcite{Vaz:Anelli:1998:DeArBiSE}{{2}{}} \bibcite{Vaz:Bloomberg:BinMorph}{{3}{}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {11}{\ignorespaces Number of comparison ops required per output voxel for MM using sphere SE. Note, op count presented on a log scale. Data obtained analytically. Proposed implementation follows Equation \ref {xxx:eqn:2d} and implements the sparse factors directly. A possible optimization would be to decompose the sparse factors, but this would require another interim copy of the image volume.}}{471}{figure.1.11}} \newlabel{xxx:fig:11}{{11}{471}{Results and analysis\relax }{figure.1.11}{}} \bibcite{Vaz:Dogdas:2002:SPIE}{{4}{}} \bibcite{Vaz:Droogenbroeck:1996:SE}{{5}{}} \bibcite{Vaz:Eiho:1997:SE}{{6}{}} \bibcite{Vaz:Gonzalez:1992:SE}{{7}{}} \bibcite{Vaz:Hashimoto:2003:SE}{{8}{}} \bibcite{Vaz:Jones:1994:SE}{{9}{}} \bibcite{Vaz:Kiraly:2002:SE}{{10}{}} \bibcite{Vaz:Li:1990:SPIE}{{11}{}} \bibcite{Vaz:Nikopoulos:2000:SE}{{12}{}} \bibcite{Vaz:Park:1995:SE}{{13}{}} \bibcite{Vaz:SDC:toolbox}{{14}{}} \bibcite{Vaz:Serra:1982:SE}{{15}{}} \bibcite{Vaz:Shih:1989:SE}{{16}{}} \bibcite{Vaz:Soille:2003:MatMedImg}{{17}{}} \bibcite{Vaz:Soille:1996:SE}{{18}{}} \bibcite{Vaz:Soille:2001:SE}{{19}{}} \bibcite{Vaz:Vaz:2006:EfMatMor}{{20}{}} \bibcite{Vaz:Zhuang:1992:DeSe}{{21}{}} \newlabel{[bibenv:1]}{13.21579pt}