@Article{SilvaWGSPGPOA:2021:LaVaDy,
               author = "Silva, Ricardo Dal'Agnol da and Wagner, Fabien Hubert and 
                         Galv{\~a}o, L{\^e}nio Soares and Streher, Annia Susin and 
                         Phillips, Oliver L. and Gloor, Emanuel and Pugh, Thomas A. M. and 
                         Ometto, Jean Pierre Henry Balbaud and Arag{\~a}o, Luiz Eduardo 
                         Oliveira e Cruz de",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais (INPE)} and {University of Leeds} and {University of 
                         Leeds} and {University of Birmingham} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Large-scale variations in the dynamics of Amazon forest canopy 
                         gaps from airborne lidar data and opportunities for tree mortality 
                         estimates",
              journal = "Scientific Reports",
                 year = "2021",
               volume = "11",
               number = "1",
                pages = "e1388",
                month = "Dec.",
             abstract = "We report large-scale estimates of Amazonian gap dynamics using a 
                         novel approach with large datasets of airborne light detection and 
                         ranging (lidar), including five multi-temporal and 610 single-date 
                         lidar datasets. Specifically, we (1) compared the fixed height and 
                         relative height methods for gap delineation and established a 
                         relationship between static and dynamic gaps (newly created gaps); 
                         (2) explored potential environmental/climate drivers explaining 
                         gap occurrence using generalized linear models; and (3) 
                         cross-related our findings to mortality estimates from 181 field 
                         plots. Our findings suggest that static gaps are significantly 
                         correlated to dynamic gaps and can inform about structural changes 
                         in the forest canopy. Moreover, the relative height outperformed 
                         the fixed height method for gap delineation. Well-defined and 
                         consistent spatial patterns of dynamic gaps were found over the 
                         Amazon, while also revealing the dynamics of areas never sampled 
                         in the field. The predominant pattern indicates 2035% higher gap 
                         dynamics at the west and southeast than at the central-east and 
                         north. These estimates were notably consistent with field 
                         mortality patterns, but they showed 60% lower magnitude likely due 
                         to the predominant detection of the broken/uprooted mode of death. 
                         While topographic predictors did not explain gap occurrence, the 
                         water deficit, soil fertility, forest flooding and degradation 
                         were key drivers of gap variability at the regional scale. These 
                         findings highlight the importance of lidar in providing 
                         opportunities for large-scale gap dynamics and tree mortality 
                         monitoring over the Amazon.",
                  doi = "10.1038/s41598-020-80809-w",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80809-w",
                 issn = "2045-2322",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "dalagnol_large.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "2024, May 02"
}