@Article{NobreShuk:1996:VaSeSu,
               author = "Nobre, Paulo and Shukla, Jagadish",
          affiliation = "Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Centro de Previs{\~a}o 
                         do Tempo e Estudos Clim{\'a}ticos (INPE.CPTEC) and Center for 
                         Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies, Institute for Global Environment 
                         and Society",
                title = "Variations of sea surface temperature, wind stress, and rainfall 
                         over the tropical Atlantic and South America",
              journal = "Journal of Climate",
                 year = "1996",
               volume = "9",
               number = "10",
                pages = "2464--2479",
                month = "Oct.",
             keywords = "METEOROLOGY, Sea surface temperature, Rainfall, Tropical Atlantic, 
                         South America, METEOROLOGIA, Temperatura da superf{\'{\i}}cie do 
                         mar, Chuvas, Atl{\^a}ntico tropical, Am{\'e}rica do Sul, EOFs.",
             abstract = "Empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) and composite analyses are 
                         used to investigate the development of sea surface temperature 
                         (SST) anomaly patterns over the tropical Atlantic. The evolution 
                         of large-scale rainfall anomaly patterns over the equatorial 
                         Atlantic and South America are also investigated. The EOF analyses 
                         revealed that a pattern of anomalous SST and wind stress 
                         asymmetric relative to the equator is the dominant mode of 
                         interannual and longer variability over the tropical Atlantic. The 
                         most important findings of this study are as follows. Atmospheric 
                         circulation anomalies precede the development of basinwide 
                         anomalous SST patterns over the tropical Atlantic. Anomalous SST 
                         originate off the African coast simultaneously with atmospheric 
                         circulation anomalies and expand westward afterward. The time lag 
                         between wind stress relaxation (strengthening) and maximum SST 
                         warming (cooling) is about two months. Anomalous atmospheric 
                         circulation patterns over northern tropical Atlantic are phase 
                         locked to the seasonal cycle. Composite fields of SLP and wind 
                         stress over northern tropical Atlantic can be distinguished from 
                         random only within a few months preceding the March-May (MAM) 
                         season. Observational evidence is presented to show that the El 
                         Nino-Southern Oscillation phenomenon in the Pacific influences 
                         atmospheric circulation and SST anomalies over northern tropical 
                         Atlantic through atmospheric teleconnection patterns into higher 
                         latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The well-known droughts over 
                         northeastern Brazil (Nordeste) are a local manifestation of a much 
                         larger-scale rainfall anomaly pattern encompassing the whole 
                         equatorial Atlantic and Amazon region. Negative rainfall anomalies 
                         to the south of the equator during MAM, which is the rainy season 
                         for the Nordeste region, are related to an early withdrawal of the 
                         intertropical convergence zone toward the warm SST anomalies over 
                         the northern tropical Atlantic. Also, it is shown that 
                         precipitation anomalies over southern and northern parts of the 
                         Nordeste are out of phase: drought years over the northern 
                         Nordeste are commonly preceded by wetter years over the southern 
                         Nordeste, and vice versa.",
           copyholder = "SID/SCD",
                 issn = "0894-8755",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Nobre_Variations of sea.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "02 maio 2024"
}