@Article{OldoniSanPicPruAda:2022:GeAcAs,
               author = "Oldoni, Lucas Volochen and Sanches, Ieda Del'Arco and Picoli, 
                         Michelle Cristina Ara{\'u}jo and Prudente, Victor Hugo Rohden and 
                         Adami, Marcos",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Universit{\'e} 
                         Catholique de Louvain} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais 
                         (INPE)}",
                title = "Geometric accuracy assessment and a framework for automatic 
                         sub-pixel registration of WFI images from CBERS-4, CBERS-4A, and 
                         Amazonia-1 satellites over Brazil",
              journal = "Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment",
                 year = "2022",
               volume = "28",
                pages = "e100844",
                month = "Nov.",
             keywords = "Brazilian earth observation satellites, Multi-sensor approach, 
                         Satellite images time series, Wide-field imager.",
             abstract = "Brazil faces the challenge of conciliating food production with 
                         natural vegetation preservation, and the government has been 
                         investing in Earth Observation satellites to assist in this task. 
                         In this context, images from the Wide-Field Imager (WFI) sensor 
                         onboard the China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS-4), 
                         CBERS-4A, and Amazonia-1 have been used in remote sensing 
                         applications in Brazil. However, the geometric accuracy of the WFI 
                         data has not yet been documented in the literature, as it was done 
                         for other satellites/sensors such as TERRA/MODIS, Landsat-8/OLI, 
                         and Sentinel-2/MSI. This work presents the first study to assess 
                         the geometric accuracy of WFI images along different spectral 
                         channels, from multi-temporal images, and taking Sentinel-2/MSI 
                         images as a reference. Surface reflectance WFI images, Level-4 
                         (orthorectified) with spatial resolution of 55 m (CBERS-4A) and 64 
                         m (CBERS-4 and Amazonia-1) were analysed. Thousands of control 
                         points (CPs) were used to quantify the geometric accuracy of more 
                         than 300 WFI images and to construct multiple mapping functions to 
                         correct the displacements found. The NIR band was taken as a 
                         reference in the inter-channel (band-to-band) registration 
                         evaluation. In this case, all tiles had an RMSE average of fewer 
                         than 0.44 pixels. For the multi-temporal case, the CBERS-4A/WFI 
                         had the highest average RMSE (0.87 ± 0.34 pixels). Considering the 
                         Sentinel-2/MSI as a reference, there were observed shifts up to 
                         1.45 pixels for CBERS-4/WFI and Amazonia-1/WFI and 2.5 pixels for 
                         CBERS-4A/WFI. Given the displacements found, image registration is 
                         needed for further time series analysis of WFI images for several 
                         applications that requiring precise sub-pixel registration (i.e., 
                         land use cover change). As a result, we propose a framework for 
                         the automatic registration of WFI images to properly foster the 
                         use of WFI images. This framework substantially reduced the 
                         misregistrations, decreasing the RMSE average to less than 0.29 
                         pixels for the WFI images from the three satellites. The use of 
                         the 2nd degree polynomial as a mapping function proved to be 
                         appropriate for registering the WFI data.",
                  doi = "10.1016/j.rsase.2022.100844",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2022.100844",
                 issn = "2352-9385",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "1-s2.0-S2352938522001525-main.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "02 maio 2024"
}